The principle and configuration of Nginx load balancing and dynamic and static separation

The principle and configuration of Nginx load balancing and dynamic and static separation

1. Nginx implements load balancing principle

Nginx implements load balancing through reverse proxy


The Nginx server is used as the front end, the Tomcat server is used as the back end, and web page requests are forwarded by the Nginx service.

However, instead of forwarding all web requests, the static page requests are processed by the Nginx server itself, and the dynamic page requests are forwarded to the backend Tomcat server for processing.

Tomcat is a lightweight application server, and the amount of traffic it can accept may be insufficient, so we need multiple Tomcat servers, and then use Nginx to configure weights to select the Tomcat server for processing, which is a load balancing strategy .

Nginx Server

1. Use exact matching on the homepage

2. Static pages use regular matching to process them yourself

3. Dynamic pages use regular expressions to match requests ending with jsp and use proxy_pass to forward them to the Tomcat server

2. Principle of Nginx dynamic and static separation

The server receives requests from the client, which include both static resources and dynamic resources. Static resources are served by Nginx, and dynamic resources are forwarded to the backend by Nginx.

Nginx static processing advantages

  • Nginx is much more efficient at processing static pages than Tomcat
  • If Tomcat's request volume is 1000 times, then Nginx's request volume is 6000 times
  • Tomcat's throughput is 0.6M per second, and Nginx's throughput is 3.6M per second
  • Nginx's ability to handle static resources is 6 times that of Tomcat

3. Nginx + Tomcat dynamic and static separation, load balancing configuration steps

Environmental preparation:

Nginx server: 192.168.121.13

Tomcat server 1: 192.168.121.12:8080 192.168.121.12:8081

Tomcat Server 2: 192.168.121.10

1. Deploy Nginx load balancing server

First upload the nginx-1.12.0.tar.gz compressed package to the /opt directory systemctl stop firewalld.service 
systemctl disable firewalld.service 
setenforce 0

yum install -y pcre-devel zlib-devel openssl-devel gcc gcc-c++ make

useradd -M -s /sbin/nologin nginx
cd /opt
tar zxvf nginx-1.12.0.tar.gz -C /opt/

cd nginx-1.12.0/
./configure \
--prefix=/usr/local/nginx \
--user=nginx \
--group=nginx \
--with-file-aio \
--with-http_stub_status_module \
--with-http_gzip_static_module \
--with-http_flv_module \
--with-http_ssl_module

make && make install

ln -s /usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx /usr/local/sbin/

vim /lib/systemd/system/nginx.service
[Unit]
Description=nginx
After=network.target
[Service]
Type=forking
PIDFile = /usr/local/nginx/logs/nginx.pid
ExecStart=/usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx
ExecReload=/bin/kill -s HUP $MAINPID
ExecStop=/bin/kill -s QUIT $MAINPID
PrivateTmp=true
[Install]
WantedBy=multi-user.target

chmod 754 /lib/systemd/system/nginx.service
systemctl start nginx.service
systemctl enable nginx.service

2. Deploy two Tomcat application servers

The required installation packages are:
apache-tomcat-9.0.16.tar.gz  
jdk-8u201-linux-x64.rpm 
#scp apache-tomcat-9.0.16.tar.gz [email protected]:/opt #Upload the required compressed package from Tomcat1 to Tomcat2 server. Of course, we can also directly pull the compressed package to the /opt directory systemctl stop firewalld.service 
systemctl disable firewalld.service 
setenforce 0

rpm -qpl jdk-8u201-linux-x64.rpm
rpm -ivh jdk-8u201-linux-x64.rpm 
java -version

vim /etc/profile.d/java.sh
export JAVA_HOME=/usr/java/jdk1.8.0_201-amd64
export CLASSPATH=.:$JAVA_HOME/lib/tools.jar:$JAVA_HOME/lib/dt.jar
export PATH=$JAVA_HOME/bin:$PATH

source /etc/profile.d/java.sh
java -version

cd /opt
vim abc.java
public class abc {
  public static void main(String[] args){
    System.out.println("Hello World!")
  }
}

[root@localhost?opt]#javac abc.java #Used to detect whether the JDK environment is set up successfully [root@localhost?opt]#java abc
Hello World!

cd /opt
tar zxvf apache-tomcat-9.0.16.tar.gz
mv apache-tomcat-9.0.16 /usr/local/tomcat

##Start tomcat##
/usr/local/tomcat/bin/startup.sh
netstat -natp | grep 8080


Dynamic and static separation configuration

(1) Tomcat1 server configuration mkdir /usr/local/tomcat/webapps/test
vim /usr/local/tomcat/webapps/test/index.jsp
<%@ page language="java" import="java.util.*" pageEncoding="UTF-8"%>
<html>
<head>
<title>JSP test1 page</title> #Specify as test1 page</head>
<body>
<% out.println("Dynamic page 1, http://www.test1.com");%>
</body>
</html>


vim /usr/local/tomcat/conf/server.xml
#Since the host name is configured as localhost, you need to delete the previous HOST configuration <Host name="localhost" appBase="webapps" unpackWARs="true" autoDeploy="true" xmlValidation="false" xmlNamespaceAware="false">
 <Context docBase="/usr/local/tomcat/webapps/test" path="" reloadable="true">
 </Context>
</Host>

/usr/local/tomcat/bin/shutdown.sh 
/usr/local/tomcat/bin/startup.sh 

(2) Tomcat2 server configuration mkdir /usr/local/tomcat/tomcat1/webapps/test /usr/local/tomcat/tomcat2/webapps/test

vim /usr/local/tomcat/tomcat1/webapps/test/index.jsp
<%@ page language="java" import="java.util.*" pageEncoding="UTF-8"%>
<html>
<head>
<title>JSP test2 page</title> #Specify as test2 page</head>
<body>
<% out.println("Dynamic page 2, http://www.test2.com");%>
</body>
</html>


vim /usr/local/tomcat/tomcat1/conf/server.xml
#Delete the previous HOST configuration <Host name="localhost" appBase="webapps" unpackWARs="true" autoDeploy="true" xmlValidation="false" xmlNamespaceAware="false">
 <Context docBase="/usr/local/tomcat/tomcat1/webapps/test" path="" reloadable="true" />
</Host>

/usr/local/tomcat/tomcat1/bin/shutdown.sh 
/usr/local/tomcat/tomcat1/bin/startup.sh 


vim /usr/local/tomcat/tomcat2/webapps/test/index.jsp
<%@ page language="java" import="java.util.*" pageEncoding="UTF-8"%>
<html>
<head>
<title>JSP test3 page</title> #Specify as test3 page</head>
<body>
<% out.println("Dynamic page 3, http://www.test3.com");%>
</body>
</html>


vim /usr/local/tomcat/tomcat2/conf/server.xml
#Delete the previous HOST configuration <Host name="localhost" appBase="webapps" unpackWARs="true" autoDeploy="true" xmlValidation="false" xmlNamespaceAware="false">
 <Context docBase="/usr/local/tomcat/tomcat2/webapps/test" path="" reloadable="true" />
</Host>

/usr/local/tomcat/tomcat2/bin/shutdown.sh 
/usr/local/tomcat/tomcat2/

Nginx load balancing mode

rr Load balancing mode:

Each request is assigned to a different backend server in chronological order. If the maximum number of failures is exceeded (max_fails, default is 1), within the failure time (fail_timeout, default is 10 seconds), the failure weight of the node becomes 0. After the failure time, it returns to normal. Or when all nodes are down, all nodes are restored to valid and continue to detect. Generally speaking, rr can be evenly distributed according to the weight.

least_conn least connections:

Prioritize dispatching client requests to the server with the least current connections.

ip_hash load balancing mode:

Each request is assigned according to the hash result of the access IP, so that each visitor accesses a fixed backend server, which can solve the session problem. However, ip_hash will cause uneven load. Some services receive more requests, while others receive fewer requests. Therefore, it is not recommended to use the ip_hash mode. The session sharing problem can be solved by using the session sharing of the backend service instead of nginx's ip_hash.

fair (third-party) load balancing mode:

Requests are distributed based on the response time of the backend server, with requests with shorter response times given priority.

url_hash (third-party) load balancing mode:

Similar to the ip_hash algorithm, it distributes each request according to the hash result of the URL, so that each URL is directed to the same backend server, but it will also cause the problem of uneven distribution. This mode is better when the backend server is cached.

Summarize

This concludes this article about the principles and configuration of Nginx load balancing and dynamic and static separation. For more relevant content on Nginx load balancing and dynamic and static separation, please search for previous articles on 123WORDPRESS.COM or continue to browse the following related articles. I hope you will support 123WORDPRESS.COM in the future!

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