How to remove spaces or specified characters in a string in Shell

There are many methods on the Internet that, although correct, do not produce correct results when used. Here is the correct method.

Remove leading spaces

$text=" 123 456 "
# This way of writing ensures the correct result.
text=`echo $text | sed -e 's/^[ \t]*//g'`
# These methods are not tested, please refer to the above for writing.
# Remove trailing spaces sed 's/[ \t]*$//g'
# Delete leading and trailing spaces, but not spaces in between sed -e 's/^[ \t]*//g' -e 's/[ \t]*$//g'
# Remove all spaces in a string sed 's/[[:space:]]//g'

Of course there is an easy way:

# Replace only one text=${text/ /-}
# Replace all text=${text// /-}

Summarize

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