The complete version of the common Linux tool vi/vim

Why learn vim

Linux has a large number of configuration files, so there are also many text processing tools in Linux. Commonly used ones are
less vi head tail cat grep sed awk .... . When editing some configuration files and viewing logs, the commonly used tools are vim and less, and their shortcut keys are very similar, so it is necessary to learn how to use vim.

Intended Readers

Operations, development, and people who want to advance their knowledge of Linux. If you want to learn bash, it is more convenient to learn vim. You can't go to Windows to edit every time.

Start learning

Three modes of vi and switching

• General Mode
• Edit Mode
• Command Line Mode

graph LR
A[Normal Mode] -- I/O/A/R --> B[Edit Mode]
A -- Colon/Question mark/Forward slash --> C [Command line mode]
C -- ESC --> A
B -- ESC --> A

The difference between commands for switching from normal mode to edit mode

• i Insert at the current cursor position
• o Insert into a new line
• a Insert the character after
• r Replace input. This is useful for changing a single character, because it only replaces one character and returns to normal mode.

Common buttons and functions

The following instructions are case sensitive

Methods for moving the cursor (normal mode)

• ↑→↓← Move up, right, down, left, 5↓ Move down 5 lines
• ctrl + f to turn the page down, ctrl + d to turn half a page
• ctrl + b to turn the page up, ctrl + u to turn half a page
• 0 moves to the beginning of a line, and $ moves to the end of a line
• gg to the beginning, G to the end, 3G to the 3rd line
• <enter> The cursor moves down one line, 3<enter> The cursor moves down 3 lines

Delete, copy, paste (normal mode)

• x deletes one character backward, X deletes one character forward, 3x deletes 3 characters backward
• dd deletes one line, 3dd deletes 3 lines
• d$ deletes from the current cursor position to the end, dG deletes from the current position to the last line
• yy copies the current line, 3yy copies 3 lines
• p pastes the copied content on the next line, P pastes it on the previous line
• u Undo operation
• . Repeat the last operation

Find and replace (normal mode)

• /word searches for characters downwards, ?word searches for characters upwards
• n Repeat the previous search action. After pressing n, it will continue to find the next matching character.
• 1,5s/sanri/9420/g Search for the string sanri from line 1 to line 5 and replace it with 9420
• 1,$s/sanri/9420/g Search for the string sanri from the first line to the last line and replace it with 9420

Select text (normal mode)

• v Then use the arrow keys, which is equivalent to holding down the mouse and dragging in Windows
• V The line where the cursor passes will be selected
• ctrl + v select column mode
• y Copy the selected text
• d Delete the selected text

To sum up

From the above commands, we can see that in vi, some letters have special meanings, such as

$ stands for the end of a line, 0 stands for the beginning of a line, G stands for the last line, y stands for copy, d stands for delete line, x stands for delete character,

Numbers usually indicate how many times something is repeated, and uppercase and lowercase letters usually have opposite meanings.

The shortcut key for turning pages happens to be the abbreviation of English

ctrl + f front page
ctrl + b back page
ctrl + d down page
ctrl + u page up

Save the file as (command mode)

• :w saves the file, :w! forces writing the file (requires permission)
• :q to quit, :q! to quit without saving
• :wq save and exit, :wq! force save and exit (need permission)
• :1,5 w [filename] Write the data from line 1 to line 5 to a new file
• :! command executes a command. When editing a file, you can view some information without exiting the file.
• :set nu displays line numbers, :set nonu does not display line numbers

Practice

wget 'http://linux.vbird.org/linux_basic/0310vi/man.config'

1. Use vi to open the man.config file in the directory;
2. Set the line number in vi;
3. Move to line 58 and 40 characters to the right. What directory do you see in the double quotes?
4. Move to the first line and search downward for the string ' bzip2 '. Which line is it on?
5. Next, I want to change the 'lowercase man string' between 50 and 100 lines to 'uppercase MAN string', and select them one by one to see if they need to be modified. How do I give the command? If you keep pressing 'y' during the selection process, how many man characters will be changed in the last line?
6. After making the changes, I suddenly regret it and want to restore everything. What are the methods?

7. I want to copy the contents of lines 65 to 73 (including MANPATH_MAP) and paste them after the last line;

• I don't want the comments starting with # between lines 21 and 42. How can I delete them?
• Save this file as man.test.config;
• Go to line 27 and delete 15 characters. What is the first word that appears?
• Add a new line to the first line and enter 'I am a student...' in the line;
• Save and go!

The answer is as follows:

 vi man.config
 :set nu
 58G 40→ /dir/bin/foo
 gg /bzip2 118 lines 50,100s/man/MAN/gc 25 modifications, 23 lines changed u, or exit without saving: q!
 Locate line 65G, copy line 9yy, locate the last line G, and paste p 
 :21,42s/^#//g //Regular expressions can be used in it:w man.test.config
 27G 15x you
 Locate the first line gg, i <enter> and then enter the content: wq

Multiple file editing

vi can be followed by multiple files, like this

vi man.config test.txt

n Edit the next file

N Edit the previous file

files Displays all files currently being edited

Multi-window editing

It is possible to open multiple files in the same window using the :sp [filename] command, like this

:sp /etc/hosts

Each window has its own separate mode and commands

[ctrl]+w+↓ Switch to the next window

[ctrl]+w+↑ Switch to the previous window

Edit vim's configuration file ~/.vimrc (simple configuration)

One configuration per line" is a comment

You can use the command: set all to view all configuration items. Commonly used configuration items are as follows:

set nu set line number

set ts=4 sets the position of 4 spaces when pressing the next tab

set tabstop=4 When setting the display, a tab occupies the width of 4 spaces

set autoindent automatically indents, which is useful for writing code

The above command has been set up to show that backspace and tab are used in units of tabs. If you need to use spaces to represent tabs, you need to add the following configurations

set expandtab uses spaces for indentation instead of tabs

set softtabstop=4 When backspacing, if you encounter four consecutive spaces, delete them all at once instead of one by one

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