A complete list of commonly used Linux commands (recommended collection)

1. System Information
2. Shutdown (system shutdown, restart and logout)
3. Files and Directories
4. File Search
5. Mount a file system
6. Disk Space
7. Users and Groups
9. File permissions - Use "+" to set permissions and "-" to cancel
10. Special attributes of files - use "+" to set permissions and "-" to cancel
11. Pack and compress files
12.RPM package - (Fedora, Redhat and similar systems)
13.YUM Package Updater - (Fedora, RedHat and similar systems)
14.DEB package (Debian, Ubuntu and similar systems)
15. APT software tools (Debian, Ubuntu and similar systems)
16. View file contents
17. Text Processing
18. Character setting and file format conversion
19. File system analysis
20. Initialize a file system
21.SWAP file system
22. Backup
23. CD
24. Network - (Ethernet and WIFI wireless)

1. System Information

Order
arch	Display the processor architecture of the machine(1)
uname -m	Displays the machine's processor architecture(2)
uname -r	Displays the kernel version in use
dmidecode -q	Displays hardware system components - (SMBIOS / DMI)
hdparm -i /dev/hda	List the architectural features of a disk
hdparm -tT /dev/sda	Perform a test read operation on the disk
cat /proc/cpuinfo	Display CPU info information
cat /proc/interrupts	Display interruption
cat /proc/meminfo	Verify memory usage
cat /proc/swaps	Shows which swaps are used
cat /proc/version	Displays the kernel version
cat /proc/net/dev	Display network adapters and statistics
cat /proc/mounts	Display mounted file systems
lspci -tv	List PCI devices
lsusb -tv	Show USB Devices
date	Display system date
cal 2007	Display the calendar for 2007
date 041217002007.00	Set date and time - month, day, hour, minute, year, second
clock -w	Save time changes to BIOS

2. Shutdown (system shutdown, restart and logout)

Order
shutdown -h now	Shutdown system(1)
init 0	Shutdown system(2)
telinit 0	Shutdown system(3)
shutdown -h hours:minutes &	Shut down the system at a scheduled time
shutdown -c	Cancel scheduled system shutdown
shutdown -r now	Restart(1)
reboot	Restart(2)
logout	Logout

3. Files and Directories

Order
cd /home	Go to the '/home' directory
cd ..	Return to the previous directory
cd ../..	Return to the previous two levels
cd	Enter your home directory
cd ~user1	Enter your home directory
cd -	Return to the last directory
pwd	Show Work Path
ls	View files in a directory
ls -F	View files in a directory
ls -l	Display detailed information about files and directories
ls -a	Show hidden files
ls [0-9]	Display file and directory names containing numbers
tree	Displays a tree structure of files and directories starting from the root directory (1)
lstree	Displays the tree structure of files and directories starting from the root directory (2)
mkdir dir1	Create a directory called 'dir1'
mkdir dir1 dir2	Create two directories at the same time
mkdir -p /tmp/dir1/dir2	Create a directory tree
rm -f file1	Delete a file called 'file1'
rmdir dir1	Delete a directory called 'dir1'
rm -rf dir1	Delete a directory called 'dir1' and delete its contents
rm -rf dir1 dir2	Delete both directories and their contents
mv dir1 new_dir	Rename/Move a Directory
cp file1 file2	Copy a file
cp dir/* .	Copy all files in a directory to the current working directory
cp -a /tmp/dir1 .	Copy a directory to the current working directory
cp -a dir1 dir2	Copy a directory
ln -s file1 lnk1	Creates a soft link to a file or directory
ln file1 lnk1	Creates a physical link to a file or directory
touch -t 0712250000 file1	Modification timestamp of a file or directory - (YYMMDDhhmm)
iconv -l	List known encodings

4. File Search

Order
find / -name file1	Start at '/' and search for files and directories in the root file system
find / -user user1	Search for files and directories belonging to user 'user1'
find /home/user1 -name \*.bin	Search the directory '/home/user1' for files ending with '.bin'
find /usr/bin -type f -atime +100	Search for executable files that have not been used in the past 100 days
find /usr/bin -type f -mtime -10	Search for files created or modified within 10 days
find / -name \*.rpm -exec chmod 755 '{}' \;	Search for files ending with '.rpm' and define their permissions
find / -xdev -name *.rpm	Search for files ending with '.rpm', ignoring removable devices such as CD-ROMs and Jiepian
locate *.ps	Look for files ending in '.ps' - run 'updatedb' command first
whereis halt	Displays the location of a binary file, source code, or man page.
which halt	Displays the full path to a binary or executable file

5. Mount a file system

Order
mount /dev/hda2 /mnt/hda2	Mount a disk called hda2 - Make sure the directory '/mnt/hda2' already exists
umount /dev/hda2	Unmount a disk called hda2 - first exit from the mount point '/mnt/hda2'
fuser -km /mnt/hda2	Force unmount when device is busy
umount -n /mnt/hda2	Run the unmount operation without writing to the /etc/mtab file - useful when the file is read-only or when the disk is full
mount /dev/fd0 /mnt/floppy	Mount a floppy disk
mount /dev/cdrom /mnt/cdrom	Mount a cdrom or dvdrom
mount /dev/hdc /mnt/cdrecorder	Mount a cdrw or dvdrom
mount /dev/hdb /mnt/cdrecorder	Mount a cdrw or dvdrom
mount -o loop file.iso /mnt/cdrom	Mount a file or ISO image
mount -t vfat /dev/hda5 /mnt/hda5	Mounting a Windows FAT32 file system
mount /dev/sda1 /mnt/usbdisk	Mount a USB flash drive or flash drive
mount -t smbfs -o username=user,password=pass //WinClient/share /mnt/share	Mount a Windows network share

6. Disk Space

Order
df -h	Displays a list of mounted partitions
ls -lSr \|more	Sort files and directories by size
du -sh dir1	Estimate the disk space used by directory 'dir1'
du -sk * \| sort -rn	Display the size of files and directories in order of capacity
rpm -q -a --qf '%10{SIZE}t%{NAME}n'	sort -k1,1n
dpkg-query -W -f='installed-size;10t{Package}n'	sort -k1,1n

7. Users and Groups

Order
groupadd group_name	Create a New User Group
groupdel group_name	Deleting a User Group
groupmod -n new_group_name old_group_name	Rename a user group
useradd -c "Name Surname " -g admin -d /home/user1 -s /bin/bash user1	Create a user belonging to the "admin" user group
useradd user1	Create a New User
userdel -r user1	Remove a user ('-r' excludes home directories)
usermod -c "User FTP" -g system -d /ftp/user1 -s /bin/nologin user1	Modify User Properties
passwd	Change Password
passwd user1	Change a user's password (only root is allowed to execute)
chage -E 2005-12-31 user1	Set the expiration date of the user password
pwck	Check '/etc/passwd' file format and syntax correction and existing users
grpck	Check '/etc/passwd' for file format and syntax corrections and existing groups
newgrp group_name	Log in to a new group to change the default group for newly created files

9. File permissions - Use "+" to set permissions and "-" to cancel

Order
ls -lh	Display permissions
ls /tmp \| pr -T5 -W$COLUMNS	Divide the terminal into 5 columns
chmod ugo+rwx directory1	Set the directory's read (r), write (w), and execute (x) permissions for the owner (u), group (g), and others (o)
chmod go-rwx directory1	Delete the read, write and execute permissions of the group (g) and others (o) on the directory
chown user1 file1	Change the owner attribute of a file
chown -R user1 directory1	Change the owner's attributes of a directory and change the attributes of all files in the directory at the same time
chgrp group1 file1	Change the group of a file
chown user1:group1 file1	Change the owner and group attributes of a file
find / -perm -u+s	List all files in a system that use SUID control
chmod u+s /bin/file1	Set the SUID bit on a binary file - the user who runs the file is given the same permissions as the owner
chmod us /bin/file1	Disable the SUID bit on a binary
chmod g+s /home/public	Set the SGID bit on a directory - similar to SUID, but for directories
chmod gs /home/public	Disable the SGID bit for a directory
chmod o+t /home/public	Set the STIKY bit on a file - only allow the legitimate owner to delete the file
chmod ot /home/public	Disable the STIKY bit for a directory

10. Special attributes of files - use "+" to set permissions and "-" to cancel

Order
chattr +a file1	Only append mode is allowed to read and write files
chattr +c file1	Allow this file to be automatically compressed/decompressed by the kernel
chattr +d file1	When backing up the file system, the dump program will ignore this file.
chattr +i file1	Set as an immutable file that cannot be deleted, modified, renamed or linked
chattr +s file1	Allows a file to be securely deleted
chattr +S file1	Once the application performs a write operation on this file, the system immediately writes the modified results to disk
chattr +u file1	If a file is deleted, the system will allow you to restore the deleted file later
lsattr	Display special properties

11. Pack and compress files

Order
bunzip2 file1.bz2	Unzip a file called 'file1.bz2'
bzip2 file1	Compress a file called 'file1'
gunzip file1.gz	Unzip a file called 'file1.gz'
gzip file1	Compress a file called 'file1'
gzip -9 file1	Maximum compression
rar a file1.rar test_file	Create a package called 'file1.rar'
rar a file1.rar file1 file2 dir1	Compress 'file1', 'file2' and directory 'dir1' at the same time
rar x file1.rar	Unzip the rar package
unrar x file1.rar	Unzip the rar package
tar -cvf archive.tar file1	Create an uncompressed tarball
tar -cvf archive.tar file1 file2 dir1	Create an archive file containing 'file1', 'file2' and 'dir1'
tar -tf archive.tar	Display the contents of a package
tar -xvf archive.tar	Release a package
tar -xvf archive.tar -C /tmp	Extract the compressed file to the /tmp directory
tar -cvfj archive.tar.bz2 dir1	Create a bzip2 compressed file
tar -xvfj archive.tar.bz2	Decompress a bzip2 compressed file
tar -cvfz archive.tar.gz dir1	Create a gzip compressed file
tar -xvfz archive.tar.gz	Decompress a gzip compressed file
zip file1.zip file1	Create a zip file
zip -r file1.zip file1 file2 dir1	Compress several files and directories into a zip file at the same time
unzip file1.zip	Unzip a zip file

12.RPM package - (Fedora, Redhat and similar systems)

Order
rpm -ivh package.rpm	Install an rpm package
rpm -ivh --nodeeps package.rpm	Installing an rpm package ignoring dependency warnings
rpm -U package.rpm	Update an rpm package without changing its configuration file
rpm -F package.rpm	Update an rpm package that is already installed
rpm -e package_name.rpm	Delete an rpm package
rpm -qa	Display all installed rpm packages in the system
rpm -qa	grep httpd
rpm -qi package_name	Get specific information about an installed package
rpm -qg "System Environment/Daemons"	Display the rpm package of a component
rpm -ql package_name	Displays a list of files provided by an installed rpm package
rpm -qc package_name	Displays a list of configuration files provided by an installed rpm package
rpm -q package_name --whatrequires	Displays a list of dependencies for an rpm package
rpm -q package_name --whatprovides	Display the size of an rpm package
rpm -q package_name --scripts	Shows scripts executed during installation/removal
rpm -q package_name --changelog	Display the modification history of an rpm package
rpm -qf /etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf	Determine which rpm package provides the given file
rpm -qp package.rpm -l	Displays a list of files provided by a not yet installed rpm package
rpm --import /media/cdrom/RPM-GPG-KEY	Importing a public key digital certificate
rpm --checksig package.rpm	Confirm the integrity of an rpm package
rpm -qa gpg-pubkey	Confirm the integrity of all installed rpm packages
rpm -V package_name	Check file size, permissions, type, owner, group, MD5 checksum and last modified time
rpm -Va	Checks all installed rpm packages on the system - use with caution
rpm -Vp package.rpm	Confirm that an rpm package has not been installed
rpm2cpio package.rpm	cpio --extract --make-directories bin
rpm -ivh /usr/src/redhat/RPMS/arch/package.rpm	Installing a built package from an rpm source
rpmbuild --rebuild package_name.src.rpm	Build an rpm package from an rpm source

13.YUM Package Updater - (Fedora, RedHat and similar systems)

Order
yum install package_name	Download and install an rpm package
yum localinstall package_name.rpm	will install an rpm package that resolves all dependencies for you using your own software repository
yum update package_name.rpm	Update all installed rpm packages in the current system
yum update package_name	Update an rpm package
yum remove package_name	Delete an rpm package
yum list	List all packages currently installed in the system
yum search package_name	Searching for packages in the rpm repository
yum clean packages	Clean the rpm cache and delete the downloaded packages
yum clean headers	Delete all header files
yum clean all	Delete all cached packages and header files

14.DEB package (Debian, Ubuntu and similar systems)

Order
dpkg -i package.deb	Install/update a deb package
dpkg -r package_name	Remove a deb package from the system
dpkg -l	Display all installed deb packages in the system
dpkg -l	grep httpd
dpkg -s package_name	Get information about a specific package installed on the system
dpkg -L package_name	Displays a list of files provided by a deb package that has been installed on the system
dpkg --contents package.deb	Displays a list of files provided by a package that is not installed yet
dpkg -S /bin/ping	Determine which deb package provides the given file

15. APT software tools (Debian, Ubuntu and similar systems)

Order
apt-get install package_name	Install/update a deb package
apt-cdrom install package_name	Install/update a deb package from a CD
apt-get update	Upgrade the packages in the list
apt-get upgrade	Upgrade all installed software
apt-get remove package_name	Remove a deb package from the system
apt-get check	Confirm that the dependent software repository is correct
apt-get clean	Clean cache from downloaded packages
apt-cache search searched-package	Returns the name of the package that contains the search string

16. View file contents

Order
cat file1	View the contents of the file starting from the first byte
tac file1	View the contents of a file in reverse order starting from the last line
more file1	View the contents of a long file
less file1	Similar to the 'more' command, but it allows reverse operation on a file as well as forward operation
head -2 file1	View the first two lines of a file
tail -2 file1	View the last two lines of a file
tail -f /var/log/messages	View content being added to a file in real time

17. Text Processing

Order
cat file1 file2 ...	command <> file1_in.txt_or_file1_out.txt
cat file1	command( sed, grep, awk, grep, etc...) > result.txt
cat file1	command( sed, grep, awk, grep, etc...) >> result.txt
grep Aug /var/log/messages	Search for the keyword "Aug" in the file '/var/log/messages'
grep ^Aug /var/log/messages	Search the file '/var/log/messages' for words starting with "Aug"
grep [0-9] /var/log/messages	Select all lines containing numbers in the file '/var/log/messages'
grep Aug -R /var/log/*	Search for the string "Aug" in the directory '/var/log' and subsequent directories
sed 's/stringa1/stringa2/g' example.txt	Replace "string1" in the example.txt file with "string2"
sed '/^$/d' example.txt	Remove all blank lines from example.txt file
sed '/ *#/d; /^$/d' example.txt	Remove all comments and blank lines from the example.txt file
echo 'esempio'	tr '[:lower:]' '[:upper:]'
sed -e '1d' result.txt	Exclude the first line from the file example.txt
sed -n '/stringa1/p'	View only the lines containing the word "string1"
sed -e 's/ *$//' example.txt	Remove the last blank characters in each line
sed -e 's/stringa1//g' example.txt	Remove only the word "string1" from the document and keep all the rest
sed -n '1,5p;5q' example.txt	View the contents from the first line to the fifth line
sed -n '5p;5q' example.txt	View line 5
sed -e 's/00*/0/g' example.txt	Replace multiple zeros with a single zero
cat -n file1	Indicates the number of lines in the file
cat example.txt	awk 'NR%2==1'
echo abc	awk '{print $1}'
echo abc	awk '{print $1,$3}'
paste file1 file2	Merge the contents of two files or two columns
paste -d '+' file1 file2	Merge the contents of two files or two columns, using "+" to separate them
sort file1 file2	Sort the contents of two files
sort file1 file2 \| uniq	Take the union of two files (keep only one copy of the duplicate lines)
sort file1 file2 \| uniq -u	Delete the intersection, leaving the other rows
sort file1 file2 \| uniq -d	Take out the intersection of two files (keep only the files that exist in both files)
comm -1 file1 file2	Compare the contents of two files and delete only the contents of 'file1'
comm -2 file1 file2	Compare the contents of two files and delete only the contents of 'file2'
comm -3 file1 file2	Compare the contents of two files and delete only the parts that are common to both files

18. Character setting and file format conversion

Order
dos2unix filedos.txt fileunix.txt	Convert a text file from MSDOS to UNIX
unix2dos fileunix.txt filedos.txt	Convert a text file from UNIX to MSDOS
recode ..HTML < page.txt > page.html	Convert a text file to html
recode -l \| more	Show all allowed conversion formats

19. File system analysis

Order
badblocks -v /dev/hda1	Check for bad blocks on disk hda1
fsck /dev/hda1	Repair/check integrity of linux file system on hda1 disk
fsck.ext2 /dev/hda1	Repair/check integrity of ext2 filesystem on hda1 disk
e2fsck /dev/hda1	Repair/check integrity of ext2 filesystem on hda1 disk
e2fsck -j /dev/hda1	Repair/check integrity of ext3 filesystem on hda1 disk
fsck.ext3 /dev/hda1	Repair/check integrity of ext3 filesystem on hda1 disk
fsck.vfat /dev/hda1	Repair/check integrity of fat file system on hda1 disk
fsck.msdos /dev/hda1	Repair/check integrity of the DOS file system on disk hda1
dosfsck /dev/hda1	Repair/check integrity of the DOS file system on disk hda1

20. Initialize a file system

Order
mkfs /dev/hda1	Create a file system on the hda1 partition
mke2fs /dev/hda1	Create a linux ext2 file system on the hda1 partition
mke2fs -j /dev/hda1	Create a Linux ext3 (journaling) file system on the hda1 partition
mkfs -t vfat 32 -F /dev/hda1	Create a FAT32 file system
fdformat -n /dev/fd0	Format a floppy disk
mkswap /dev/hda3	Create a swap file system

21.SWAP file system

Order
mkswap /dev/hda3	Create a swap file system
swapon /dev/hda3	Enable a new swap file system
swapon /dev/hda2 /dev/hdb3	Enable two swap partitions

22. Backup

Order
dump -0aj -f /tmp/home0.bak /home	Make a complete backup of the '/home' directory
dump -1aj -f /tmp/home0.bak /home	Make an interactive backup of the '/home' directory
restore -if /tmp/home0.bak	Restoring an interactive backup
rsync -rogpav --delete /home /tmp	Synchronize the directories on both sides
rsync -rogpav -e ssh --delete /home ip_address:/tmp	rsync over SSH tunnel
rsync -az -e ssh --delete ip_addr:/home/public /home/local	Synchronize a remote directory to a local directory via ssh and compression
rsync -az -e ssh --delete /home/local ip_addr:/home/public	Sync local directory to remote directory via ssh and compression
dd bs=1M if=/dev/hda	gzip
dd if=/dev/sda of=/tmp/file1	Back up disk contents to a file
tar -Puf backup.tar /home/user	Perform an interactive backup of the '/home/user' directory
( cd /tmp/local/ && tar c . )	ssh -C user@ip_addr 'cd /home/share/ && tar x -p'
( tar c /home )	ssh -C user@ip_addr 'cd /home/backup-home && tar x -p'
tar cf - .	(cd /tmp/backup ; tar xf - )
find /home/user1 -name '*.txt'	xargs cp -av --target-directory=/home/backup/ --parents
find /var/log -name '*.log'	tar cv --files-from=-
dd if=/dev/hda of=/dev/fd0 bs=512 count=1	Make an action to copy the contents of MBR (Master Boot Record) to a floppy disk
dd if=/dev/fd0 of=/dev/hda bs=512 count=1	Restore the MBR contents from a backup saved to a floppy disk

23. CD

Order
cdrecord -v gracetime=2 dev=/dev/cdrom -eject blank=fast -force	Clear a rewritable disc
mkisofs /dev/cdrom > cd.iso	Create an iso image file of a CD on disk
mkisofs /dev/cdrom	gzip > cd_iso.gz
mkisofs -J -allow-leading-dots -R -V "Label CD" -iso-level 4 -o ./cd.iso data_cd	Create an iso image file of a directory
cdrecord -v dev=/dev/cdrom cd.iso	Burn an ISO image file
gzip -dc cd_iso.gz \| cdrecord dev=/dev/cdrom -	Burn a compressed ISO image file
mount -o loop cd.iso /mnt/iso	Mount an ISO image file
cd-paranoia -B	Rip audio tracks from a CD to a wav file
cd-paranoia -- "-3"	Rip audio tracks from a CD to a wav file (parameter -3)
cdrecord --scanbus	Scan the bus to identify scsi channels
dd if=/dev/hdc \| md5sum	Verify the md5sum code of a device, such as a CD

24. Network - (Ethernet and WIFI wireless)

Order
ifconfig eth0	Displays the configuration of an Ethernet card
ifup eth0	Enable an 'eth0' network device
ifdown eth0	Disable an 'eth0' network device
ifconfig eth0 192.168.1.1 netmask 255.255.255.0	Control IP Address
ifconfig eth0 promisc	Set 'eth0' to promiscuous mode for sniffing packets
dhclient eth0	Enable 'eth0' in dhcp mode
route -n	show routing table
route add -net 0/0 gw IP_Gateway	configure default gateway
route add -net 192.168.0.0 netmask 255.255.0.0 gw 192.168.1.1	configure static route to reach network '192.168.0.0/16'
route del 0/0 gw IP_gateway	remove static route
echo "1" > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_forward	activate ip routing
hostname	show hostname of system
host www.example.com	Lookup hostname to resolve name to IP address and vice versa(1)
nslookup www.example.com	lookup hostname to resolve name to ip address and vice versa(2)
ip link show	show link status of all interfaces
mii-tool eth0	show link status of 'eth0'
ethtool eth0	show statistics of network card 'eth0'
netstat -tup	show all active network connections and their PID
netstat -tupl	show all network services listening on the system and their PID
tcpdump tcp port 80	show all HTTP traffic
iwlist scan	show wireless networks
iwconfig eth1	show configuration of a wireless network card
whois www.example.com	lookup on Whois database

This is the end of this article about the complete list of commonly used Linux commands (recommended collection). For more related content on commonly used Linux commands, please search for previous articles on 123WORDPRESS.COM or continue to browse the following related articles. I hope you will support 123WORDPRESS.COM in the future!

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