Linux disk sequential writing and random writing methods

Linux disk sequential writing and random writing methods

1. Introduction

● Random writing will cause the head to change tracks constantly, resulting in a significant reduction in efficiency; sequential writing almost does not require the head to change tracks, or the change time is very short ● This article discusses the specific differences between the two and the corresponding kernel calls

2. Environmental Preparation

Components Version
OS Ubuntu 16.04.4 LTS
fio 2.2.10

3. Introduction to fio

The fio test can reflect the status of reading and writing. We need to focus on several key indicators in the fio output report:
slat: refers to the time from I/O submission to actual I/O execution (Submission latency)
clat: refers to the time from I/O submission to I/O completion (Completion latency)
lat: refers to the total time from when fio creates an I/O to when the I/O is completed
bw : throughput
iops: The number of I/O operations per second

4. Synchronous write test

(1) Synchronous random write

fio is mainly used as a testing tool. In order to see the system calls, the strace tool is used. The command looks like this:

Let's test a random write first

strace -f -tt -o /tmp/randwrite.log -D fio -name=randwrite -rw=randwrite \
-direct=1 -bs=4k -size=1G -numjobs=1 -group_reporting -filename=/tmp/test.db

Extract key information

root@wilson-ubuntu:~# strace -f -tt -o /tmp/randwrite.log -D fio -name=randwrite -rw=randwrite \
> -direct=1 -bs=4k -size=1G -numjobs=1 -group_reporting -filename=/tmp/test.db
randwrite: (g=0): rw=randwrite, bs=4K-4K/4K-4K/4K-4K, ioengine=sync, iodepth=1
fio-2.2.10
Starting 1 process
...
randwrite: (groupid=0, jobs=1): err= 0: pid=26882: Wed Aug 14 10:39:02 2019
 write: io=1024.0MB, bw=52526KB/s, iops=13131, runt= 19963msec
 clat (usec): min=42, max=18620, avg=56.15, stdev=164.79
  lat (usec): min=42, max=18620, avg=56.39, stdev=164.79
...
 bw (KB /s): min=50648, max=55208, per=99.96%, avg=52506.03, stdev=1055.83
...

Run status group 0 (all jobs):
 WRITE: io=1024.0MB, aggrb=52525KB/s, minb=52525KB/s, maxb=52525KB/s, mint=19963msec, maxt=19963msec

Disk stats (read/write):
...
 sda: ios=0/262177, merge=0/25, ticks=0/7500, in_queue=7476, util=36.05%

Listed are the information we need to focus on:

(1) clat, average duration is about 56ms

(2) lat, average duration is about 56ms

(3) bw, throughput, about 52M

Let's look at the kernel call information:

root@wilson-ubuntu:~# more /tmp/randwrite.log
...
26882 10:38:41.919904 lseek(3, 665198592, SEEK_SET) = 665198592
26882 10:38:41.919920 write(3, "\220\240@\6\371\341\277>\0\200\36\31\0\0\0\0\202\2\7\320\343\6H\26P\340\277\370\330\30e\30"..., 4096) = 4096
26882 10:38:41.919969 lseek(3, 4313088, SEEK_SET) = 4313088
26882 10:38:41.919985 write(3, "\220\240@\6\371\341\277>\0\200\36\31\0\0\0\0\202\2\7\320\343\6H\26P\340\277\370\330\30e\30"..., 4096) = 4096
26882 10:38:41.920032 lseek(3, 455880704, SEEK_SET) = 455880704
26882 10:38:41.920048 write(3, "\220\240@\6\371\341\277>\0\200\36\31\0\0\0\0\202\2\7\320\343\6H\26P\340\277\370\330\30e\30"..., 4096) = 4096
26882 10:38:41.920096 lseek(3, 338862080, SEEK_SET) = 338862080
26882 10:38:41.920112 write(3, "\220\240@\6\371\341\277>\0\2402\24\0\0\0\0\202\2\7\320\343\6H\26P\340\277\370\330\30e\30"..., 4096) = 4096
26882 10:38:41.920161 lseek(3, 739086336, SEEK_SET) = 739086336
26882 10:38:41.920177 write(3, "\220\240@\6\371\341\277>\0\2402\24\0\0\0\0\202\2\7\320\343\6H\26P\340\277\370\330\30e\30"..., 4096) = 4096
26882 10:38:41.920229 lseek(3, 848175104, SEEK_SET) = 848175104
26882 10:38:41.920245 write(3, "\220\240@\6\371\341\277>\0\2402\24\0\0\0\0\202\2\7\320\343\6H\26P\340\277\370\330\30e\30"..., 4096) = 4096
26882 10:38:41.920296 lseek(3, 1060147200, SEEK_SET) = 1060147200
26882 10:38:41.920312 write(3, "\220\240@\6\371\341\277>\0\2402\24\0\0\0\0\202\2\7\320\343\6H\26P\340\277\370\330\30e\30"..., 4096) = 4096
26882 10:38:41.920362 lseek(3, 863690752, SEEK_SET) = 863690752
26882 10:38:41.920377 write(3, "\220\240@\6\371\341\277>\0\2402\24\0\0\0\0\202\2\7\320\343\6H\26P\340\277\370\330\30e\30"..., 4096) = 4096
26882 10:38:41.920428 lseek(3, 279457792, SEEK_SET) = 279457792
26882 10:38:41.920444 write(3, "\220\240@\6\371\341\277>\0\2402\24\0\0\0\0\202\2\7\320\343\6H\26P\340\277\370\330\30e\30"..., 4096) = 4096
26882 10:38:41.920492 lseek(3, 271794176, SEEK_SET) = 271794176
26882 10:38:41.920508 write(3, "\220\240@\6\371\341\277>\0\2402\24\0\0\0\0\202\2\7\320\343\6H\26P\340\277\370\330\30e\30"..., 4096) = 4096
26882 10:38:41.920558 lseek(3, 1067864064, SEEK_SET) = 1067864064
26882 10:38:41.920573 write(3, "\220\240@\6\371\341\277>\0\2402\24\0\0\0\0\202\2\7\320\343\6H\26P\340\277\370\330\30e\30"..., 4096) = 4096
...

Before each random read, lseek is used to locate the current file offset.

Synchronous Sequential Write

Use the method just now to test the order of writing

root@wilson-ubuntu:~# strace -f -tt -o /tmp/write.log -D fio -name=write -rw=write \
-direct=1 -bs=4k -size=1G -numjobs=1 -group_reporting -filename=/tmp/test.db
write: (g=0): rw=write, bs=4K-4K/4K-4K/4K-4K, ioengine=sync, iodepth=1
fio-2.2.10
Starting 1 process
Jobs: 1 (f=1): [W(1)] [100.0% done] [0KB/70432KB/0KB /s] [0/17.7K/0 iops] [eta 00m:00s]
write: (groupid=0, jobs=1): err= 0: pid=27005: Wed Aug 14 10:53:02 2019
 write: io=1024.0MB, bw=70238KB/s, iops=17559, runt= 14929msec
 clat (usec): min=43, max=7464, avg=55.95, stdev=56.24
  lat (usec): min=43, max=7465, avg=56.15, stdev=56.25
...
 bw (KB /s): min=67304, max=72008, per=99.98%, avg=70225.38, stdev=1266.88
...

Run status group 0 (all jobs):
 WRITE: io=1024.0MB, aggrb=70237KB/s, minb=70237KB/s, maxb=70237KB/s, mint=14929msec, maxt=14929msec

Disk stats (read/write):
...
 sda: ios=0/262162, merge=0/10, ticks=0/6948, in_queue=6932, util=46.49%

You can see:

Throughput increased to about 70M

Let's look at the kernel call again:

root@wilson-ubuntu:~# more /tmp/write.log
...
27046 10:54:28.194508 write(3, "\0\0\23\0\0\0\0\0\0\300\16\0\0\0\0\0\0\360\t\0\0\0\0\0\0\320\17\0\0\0\0\0\0"..., 4096) = 4096
27046 10:54:28.194568 write(3, "\0\0\23\0\0\0\0\0\0\300\16\0\0\0\0\0\0\220\24\0\0\0\0\0\0\320\17\0\0\0\0\0"..., 4096) = 4096
27046 10:54:28.194627 write(3, "\0\0\23\0\0\0\0\0\0\300\16\0\0\0\0\0\0\220\24\0\0\0\0\0\0\320\17\0\0\0\0\0"..., 4096) = 4096
27046 10:54:28.194687 write(3, "\0\0\23\0\0\0\0\0\0\300\16\0\0\0\0\0\0\220\24\0\0\0\0\0\0\320\17\0\0\0\0\0"..., 4096) = 4096
27046 10:54:28.194747 write(3, "\0\0\23\0\0\0\0\0\0\300\16\0\0\0\0\0\0\220\24\0\0\0\0\0\0\320\17\0\0\0\0\0"..., 4096) = 4096
27046 10:54:28.194807 write(3, "\0\0\23\0\0\0\0\0\0\300\16\0\0\0\0\0\0\220\24\0\0\0\0\0\0\320\17\0\0\0\0\0"..., 4096) = 4096
27046 10:54:28.194868 write(3, "\0\0\23\0\0\0\0\0\0\300\16\0\0\0\0\0\0\220\24\0\0\0\0\0\0\320\17\0\0\0\0\0"..., 4096) = 4096
27046 10:54:28.194928 write(3, "\0\0\23\0\0\0\0\0\0\300\16\0\0\0\0\0\0\220\24\0\0\0\0\0\0\320\17\0\0\0\0\0"..., 4096) = 4096
27046 10:54:28.194988 write(3, "\0\0\23\0\0\0\0\0\0\300\16\0\0\0\0\0\0\220\24\0\0\0\0\0\0\320\17\0\0\0\0\0"..., 4096) = 4096
27046 10:54:28.195049 write(3, "\0\0\23\0\0\0\0\0\0\300\16\0\0\0\0\0\0\220\24\0\0\0\0\0\0\320\17\0\0\0\0\0"..., 4096) = 4096
27046 10:54:28.195110 write(3, "\0\0\23\0\0\0\0\0\0\300\16\0\0\0\0\0\0\220\24\0\0\0\0\0\0\320\17\0\0\0\0\0"..., 4096) = 4096
27046 10:54:28.195197 write(3, "\0\0\23\0\0\0\0\0\0\300\16\0\0\0\0\0\0\220\24\0\0\0\0\0\0\320\17\0\0\0\0\0"..., 4096) = 4096
27046 10:54:28.195262 write(3, "\0\0\23\0\0\0\0\0\0\300\16\0\0\0\0\0\0\220\24\0\0\0\0\0\0\320\17\0\0\0\0\0"..., 4096) = 4096
27046 10:54:28.195330 write(3, "\0\0\23\0\0\0\0\0\0\300\16\0\0\0\0\0\0\220\24\0\0\0\0\0\0\320\17\0\0\0\0\0"..., 4096) = 4096
27046 10:54:28.195426 write(3, "\0\0\23\0\0\0\0\0\0\300\16\0\0\0\0\0\0\220\24\0\0\0\0\0\0\320\17\0\0\0\0\0"..., 4096) = 4096
27046 10:54:28.195497 write(3, "\0\0\23\0\0\0\0\0\0\300\16\0\0\0\0\0\0\220\24\0\0\0\0\0\0\320\17\0\0\0\0\0"..., 4096) = 4096
27046 10:54:28.195567 write(3, "\0\0\23\0\0\0\0\0\0\300\16\0\0\0\0\0\0\220\24\0\0\0\0\0\0\320\17\0\0\0\0\0"..., 4096) = 4096
27046 10:54:28.195637 write(3, "\0\0\23\0\0\0\0\0\0\300\16\0\0\0\0\0\0\220\24\0\0\0\0\0\0\320\17\0\0\0\0\0"..., 4096) = 4096
27046 10:54:28.195704 write(3, "\0\0\23\0\0\0\0\0\0\300\16\0\0\0\0\0\0\220\24\0\0\0\0\0\0\320\17\0\0\0\0\0"..., 4096) = 4096
27046 10:54:28.195757 write(3, "\0\0\23\0\0\0\0\0\0\300\16\0\0\0\0\0\0\220\24\0\0\0\0\0\0\320\17\0\0\0\0\0"..., 4096) = 4096
27046 10:54:28.195807 write(3, "\0\0\23\0\0\0\0\0\0\300\16\0\0\0\0\0\0\220\24\0\0\0\0\0\0\320\17\0\0\0\0\0"..., 4096) = 4096
27046 10:54:28.195859 write(3, "\0\0\23\0\0\0\0\0\0\300\16\0\0\0\0\0\0\220\24\0\0\0\0\0\0\320\17\0\0\0\0\0"..., 4096) = 4096
27046 10:54:28.195910 write(3, "\0\0\23\0\0\0\0\0\0\300\16\0\0\0\0\0\0\220\24\0\0\0\0\0\0\320\17\0\0\0\0\0"..., 4096) = 4096
27046 10:54:28.195961 write(3, "\0\0\23\0\0\0\0\0\0\300\16\0\0\0\0\0\0\220\24\0\0\0\0\0\0\320\17\0\0\0\0\0"..., 4096) = 4096
27046 10:54:28.196012 write(3, "\0\0\23\0\0\0\0\0\0\300\16\0\0\0\0\0\0\220\24\0\0\0\0\0\0\320\17\0\0\0\0\0"..., 4096) = 4096
27046 10:54:28.196062 write(3, "\0\0\23\0\0\0\0\0\0\300\16\0\0\0\0\0\0\220\24\0\0\0\0\0\0\320\17\0\0\0\0\0"..., 4096) = 4096
27046 10:54:28.196112 write(3, "\0\0\23\0\0\0\0\0\0\300\16\0\0\0\0\0\0 \26\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\320\17\0\0\0\0\0"..., 4096) = 4096
27046 10:54:28.196162 write(3, "\0\0\23\0\0\0\0\0\0\300\16\0\0\0\0\0\0 \26\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\320\17\0\0\0\0\0"..., 4096) = 4096
27046 10:54:28.196213 write(3, "\0\0\23\0\0\0\0\0\0\300\16\0\0\0\0\0\0 \26\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\320\17\0\0\0\0\0\0"..., 4096) = 4096
27046 10:54:28.196265 write(3, "\0\0\23\0\0\0\0\0\0\300\16\0\0\0\0\0\0 \26\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\320\17\0\0\0\0\0"..., 4096) = 4096
27046 10:54:28.196314 write(3, "\0\0\23\0\0\0\0\0\0\300\16\0\0\0\0\0\0 \26\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\320\17\0\0\0\0\0"..., 4096) = 4096
27046 10:54:28.196363 write(3, "\0\0\23\0\0\0\0\0\0\300\16\0\0\0\0\0\0 \26\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\320\17\0\0\0\0\0"..., 4096) = 4096
27046 10:54:28.196414 write(3, "\0\0\23\0\0\0\0\0\0\300\16\0\0\0\0\0\0 \26\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\320\17\0\0\0\0\0\0"..., 4096) = 4096
27046 10:54:28.196472 write(3, "\0\0\23\0\0\0\0\0\0\300\16\0\0\0\0\0\0 \26\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\320\17\0\0\0\0\0"..., 4096) = 4096
27046 10:54:28.196524 write(3, "\0\0\23\0\0\0\0\0\0\300\16\0\0\0\0\0\0 \26\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\320\17\0\0\0\0\0"..., 4096) = 4096
27046 10:54:28.196573 write(3, "\0\0\23\0\0\0\0\0\0\300\16\0\0\0\0\0\0 \26\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\320\17\0\0\0\0\0"..., 4096) = 4096
...

Because of sequential reading, there is no need to repeatedly locate the file offset, so you can focus on writing operations

5. Slat indicator

From the above test, we did not find slat in the fio test report. That is because the above are all synchronous operations. For synchronous I/O, since I/O submission and I/O completion are one action, slat is actually the time when I/O is completed.

For asynchronous sequential writing, add -ioengine=libaio to the command for synchronous sequential writing:

root@wilson-ubuntu:~# fio -name=write -rw=write -ioengine=libaio -direct=1 -bs=4k -size=1G -numjobs=1 -group_reporting -filename=/tmp/test.db
write: (g=0): rw=write, bs=4K-4K/4K-4K/4K-4K, ioengine=libaio, iodepth=1
fio-2.2.10
Starting 1 process
Jobs: 1 (f=1): [W(1)] [100.0% done] [0KB/119.3MB/0KB /s] [0/30.6K/0 iops] [eta 00m:00s]
write: (groupid=0, jobs=1): err= 0: pid=27258: Wed Aug 14 11:14:36 ​​2019
 write: io=1024.0MB, bw=120443KB/s, iops=30110, runt= 8706msec
 slat (usec): min=3, max=70, avg= 4.31, stdev= 1.56
 clat (usec): min=0, max=8967, avg=28.13, stdev=55.68
  lat (usec): min=22, max=8976, avg=32.53, stdev=55.72
...
 bw (KB /s): min=118480, max=122880, per=100.00%, avg=120467.29, stdev=1525.68
...

Run status group 0 (all jobs):
 WRITE: io=1024.0MB, aggrb=120442KB/s, minb=120442KB/s, maxb=120442KB/s, mint=8706msec, maxt=8706msec

Disk stats (read/write):
...
 sda: ios=0/262147, merge=0/1, ticks=0/6576, in_queue=6568, util=74.32%

It can be seen that the slat indicator appears, and lat is approximately equal to the sum of slat + clat (avg average value); and after switching to asynchronous io, the throughput has been greatly improved, about 120M

VI. Conclusion

● fio should be used as a baseline tool for disks. When you get a machine (physical or cloud), you should do a baseline test on the machine's disk as soon as possible to have a clear idea of ​​the situation. ● All the tests in this article bypassed the cache. In actual applications, the impact of the cache needs to be taken into account.

The above is what I introduced to you about Linux disk sequential writing and random writing. I hope it will be helpful to you. If you have any questions, please leave me a message and I will reply to you in time. I would also like to thank everyone for their support of the 123WORDPRESS.COM website!
If you find this article helpful, please feel free to reprint it and please indicate the source. Thank you!

You may also be interested in:
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  • Analysis and sharing of implementation principles and methods of Linux disk management software RAID
  • How to transfer disk space in Linux
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  • Solution to Linux disk space being exhausted by unknown resources
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